The Wehrmacht code lists were originally published as secret documents in partial volumes, each partial volume covering a specific range of codes. In the introduction to his book referred to below, Pawlas lists the dates on which the various sections of the code list were originally published. These dates are listed in the following table:
Publication Dates of the Ordnance Code Lists
Letter Groups Date of Edition
a-z and aa-zz October 1941 1940
aaa-azz November 1940
baa-bzz February 1941
caa-czz March 1941
daa-dzz April 1941
eaa-ezz May 1941
faa-fzz June 1941
gaa-gzz July 1941
haa-hzz August 1941
jaa-jzz September 1941
kaa-kzz June 1942
laa-lzz September 1943
maa-mzz December 1943
naa-nzz August 1944
oaa-ozz October 1944
From this list one can infer that the codes in each partial volume must have been assigned before the publication date, except for those entries which are written in by hand in the published text.
Updates 12/04/99
Two changes have been made to the list of ordnance codes:
• A cosmetic change, in that strikeouts have been used to indicate changes from the original list instead of boldface italics.
• The last set of codes, covering those from L to Z, has been broken up into two separate lists, the first covering the codes from F-OZZ, and the last being a complete listing of the known codes from P-Z as reported in John Walter’s book referred to below. This last list is probably not complete, but very few of the codes after OZZ have been positively identified, and John Walter’s book is the best single source of information about them that I have at hand. Submissions of updated information will be cheerfully accepted and included as time allows, but only if the information is accompanied with cited references to published works.
Updates 05/17/98
Since I first put this list on the WWW, two additional important works about the ordnance codes have come into my possession:
German Military Letter Codes, 1939-45 by John Walter
Liste der Fertigungskennzeichen fuer Waffen, Munition und Geraet issued by Karl R. Pawlas
The practical importance of these two additional works is best summarized in the excellent introduction in John Walter’s book, as follows:
“Amongst the pioneering identification guides was German Secret Codes 1930-45 (Deutschland Ordnance Co., Santa Clara, California, 1968), which made a realistic attempt to associate names, codes and products. Gerhard Wirnsberger’s Deutsche Codezeichen followed in 1973 but, though correcting many of the earlier booklet’s spelling and identification errors, regressed to a list containing quirky mistakes of its own.
“In the summer of 1977, however, Karl Pawlas of Nuernberg reprinted the entire wartime code-book sequence from ‘a’ to ‘ozz’. To this day, however, no-one has found the post-1944 portion, said to have run upward from ‘paa’, and thus there is still an important gap in the story.”
Pawlas’ book is almost 800 pages long, and it is thus not practical to give the entire contents here. Walter’s book contains a subset of Pawlas’ book, the selections being chosen based on their appearing on military equipment (as opposed to items such as drapes, upholstery, waste baskets, etc.). His book is also useful in giving an inverted list (i.e., given the company name one can readily find the corresponding code), as well as detailed information about the types of materiel on which the codes have been found.
Even so, Walter’s book has many more entries than appear in Wirnsberger’s list originally listed here. It’s really not practical to give the entire contents of either Walter’s or Pawlas’ lists. So, I’ve restricted my efforts to updating the entries originally given here with corrections from Walter’s and Pawlas’ books, adding additional entries only where necessary to make the list internally complete. Updates to the code list are shown as strikeouts.
For more information about the codes, the best source I’ve found is the Introduction in Walter’s book, the pertinent information about which is as follows:
German Military Letter Codes by John Walter, 1996, published by Small-Arms Research Publications, P.O. Box 2071, Hove, East Sussex, England BN3 7PU, and distributed in North America by International Military Antiques, Inc., P.O. Box 256, Millington, New Jersey 07946 USA. ISBN: 0-9526927-0-8
Original introduction
From The Standard Directory of Proof Marks, by Gerhard Wirnsberger, ISBN: 0-89149-006-X, undated, distributed by Blacksmith Publishers Corporation, Chino Valley, AZ 86323, USA Blacksmith Corp., Box 280, North Hampton, OH 45349, USA, tel.: 800-531-2665
e-mail: bcbooks@glasscity.net
GERMAN ORDNANCE CODES
After World War I, Germany was totally disarmed. When Hitler became Reich Chancellor in 1933, he began an era of rearmament. This had to be done in secrecy, and to conceal what was going on in the German arms and allied industries, manufacturers were assigned code letters or numbers.
This ordnance coding began in 1938, continued [sic] to the last days of the Third Reich.
Early during WWII, Allied intelligence sources discovered the code, and despite concerted efforts, were unable to break the code. Even after the war when tons of documents were unearthed, the entire list of codes was not found, and thus some of the codes are still unknown.
Manufacturers and sub-contractors were assigned codes, and this coding included not only arms, ammunition, but also binoculars and even saddlebags. In short, anything that the quartermaster of any of the military services required, was coded. There were a few exceptions, but arms collectors are not concerned too much with those exceptions since most of them were marked with the name of the maker.
The system of assigning codes was begun in an orderly fashion, but because of the huge demand for military goods and the constantly increasing number of suppliers and sub-contractors, the orderly system of assigning codes was abandoned and henceforth codes were assigned in a haphazard manner. Some of the codes are well-known to collectors – the Mauser byf, the ac assigned to Walther, the RWS code dnf are readily recognized.
Despite efforts both in Germany and in the United States, by researchers and collectors, the list has never been completed. Some of the manufacturers with unidentified codes were originally producing non-military items, and later produced parts, or did some sub-assembly work, or perhaps branched out into making items needed for the growing military might of Germany. Many of these companies were demolished during the war, others ceased to function, still others are in Communist-occupied areas. It seems reasonable to assume also that some of these concerns would just as soon forget their participation – voluntary or involuntary – in this German debacle.
The beginning collector should not be surprised when he discovers two or even more codes on a gun. Sub-contractors marked the part or parts they made, and each part had to be marked with the maker’s code. At first these ordnance codes were numbers but in 1941, the number code was changed to a letter code.
End citation
To speed up loading of the rather large list, I’ve broken up the list into 6 smaller tables:
(1) alphabetic ordnance that begin with the letters a and b
(2) alphabetic ordnance that begin with the letters c to e
(3) alphabetic ordnance that begin with the letters f to k
(4) alphabetic ordnance that begin with the letters l to o
(5) alphabetic ordnance that begin with the letters p to z
(6) numerical ordnance codes, that contain numerical values
As usual, I’m not responsible for incorrect information, just for errors in transcription. Please report any errors to me.
German WWII Alphabetic Ordnance Codes: a-b
German WWII Alphabetic Ordnance Codes: c-e
German WWII Alphabetic Ordnance Codes: f-k
German WWII Alphabetic Ordnance Codes: l-o
German WWII Alphabetic Ordnance Codes: p-z
German WWII Numerical Ordnance Codes
Back to Old Military Markings home page
Last Updated 06/06/2004
Updates 06/26/2004
I’ve added some codes found in Folke Myrvang’s book MG34-MG42 German Universal Machineguns.
Updates 06/25/2000
The Wehrmacht code lists were originally published as secret documents in partial volumes, each partial volume covering a specific range of codes. In the introduction to his book referred to below, Pawlas lists the dates on which the various sections of the code list were originally published. These dates are listed in the following table:
| Publication Dates of the Ordnance Code Lists | |
| Letter Groups | Date of Edition |
| a-z and aa-zz | October 1941 1940 |
| aaa-azz | November 1940 |
| baa-bzz | February 1941 |
| caa-czz | March 1941 |
| daa-dzz | April 1941 |
| eaa-ezz | May 1941 |
| faa-fzz | June 1941 |
| gaa-gzz | July 1941 |
| haa-hzz | August 1941 |
| jaa-jzz | September 1941 |
| kaa-kzz | June 1942 |
| laa-lzz | September 1943 |
| maa-mzz | December 1943 |
| naa-nzz | August 1944 |
| oaa-ozz | October 1944 |
From this list one can infer that the codes in each partial volume must have been assigned before the publication date, except for those entries which are written in by hand in the published text.
Updates 12/04/99
Two changes have been made to the list of ordnance codes:
- A cosmetic change, in that strikeouts have been used to indicate changes from the original list instead of boldface italics.
- The last set of codes, covering those from L to Z, has been broken up into two separate lists, the first covering the codes from F-OZZ, and the last being a complete listing of the known codes from P-Z as reported in John Walter’s book referred to below. This last list is probably not complete, but very few of the codes after OZZ have been positively identified, and John Walter’s book is the best single source of information about them that I have at hand. Submissions of updated information will be cheerfully accepted and included as time allows, but only if the information is accompanied with cited references to published works.
Updates 05/17/98
Since I first put this list on the WWW, two additional important works about the ordnance codes have come into my possession:
German Military Letter Codes, 1939-45 by John Walter
Liste der Fertigungskennzeichen fuer Waffen, Munition und Geraet issued by Karl R. Pawlas
The practical importance of these two additional works is best summarized in the excellent introduction in John Walter’s book, as follows:
“Amongst the pioneering identification guides was German Secret Codes 1930-45 (Deutschland Ordnance Co., Santa Clara, California, 1968), which made a realistic attempt to associate names, codes and products. Gerhard Wirnsberger’s Deutsche Codezeichen followed in 1973 but, though correcting many of the earlier booklet’s spelling and identification errors, regressed to a list containing quirky mistakes of its own.
“In the summer of 1977, however, Karl Pawlas of Nuernberg reprinted the entire wartime code-book sequence from ‘a’ to ‘ozz’. To this day, however, no-one has found the post-1944 portion, said to have run upward from ‘paa’, and thus there is still an important gap in the story.”
Pawlas’ book is almost 800 pages long, and it is thus not practical to give the entire contents here. Walter’s book contains a subset of Pawlas’ book, the selections being chosen based on their appearing on military equipment (as opposed to items such as drapes, upholstery, waste baskets, etc.). His book is also useful in giving an inverted list (i.e., given the company name one can readily find the corresponding code), as well as detailed information about the types of materiel on which the codes have been found.
Even so, Walter’s book has many more entries than appear in Wirnsberger’s list originally listed here. It’s really not practical to give the entire contents of either Walter’s or Pawlas’ lists. So, I’ve restricted my efforts to updating the entries originally given here with corrections from Walter’s and Pawlas’ books, adding additional entries only where necessary to make the list internally complete. Updates to the code list are shown as strikeouts.
For more information about the codes, the best source I’ve found is the Introduction in Walter’s book, the pertinent information about which is as follows:
German Military Letter Codes by John Walter, 1996, published by Small-Arms Research Publications, P.O. Box 2071, Hove, East Sussex, England BN3 7PU, and distributed in North America by International Military Antiques, Inc., P.O. Box 256, Millington, New Jersey 07946 USA. ISBN: 0-9526927-0-8
Original introduction
From The Standard Directory of Proof Marks, by Gerhard Wirnsberger, ISBN: 0-89149-006-X, undated, distributed by Blacksmith Publishers Corporation, Chino Valley, AZ 86323, USA Blacksmith Corp., Box 280, North Hampton, OH 45349, USA, tel.: 800-531-2665
e-mail: bcbooks@glasscity.net
GERMAN ORDNANCE CODES
After World War I, Germany was totally disarmed. When Hitler became Reich’s [sic] Chancellor in 1933, he began an era of re-armament. This had to be done in secrecy, and to conceal what was going on in the German arms and allied industries, manufacturers were assigned code letters or numbers. This ordnance coding began in 1938, continued [sic] to the last days of the Third Reich.
Early during WWII, Allied intelligence sources discovered the code, and despite concerted efforts, were unable to break the code. Even after the war when tons of documents were unearthed, the entire list of codes was not found, and thus some of the codes are still unknown.
Manufacturers and sub-contractors were assigned codes, and this coding included not only arms, ammunition, but also binoculars and even saddlebags. In short, anything that the quartermaster of any of the military services required, was coded. There were a few exceptions, but arms collectors are not concerned too much with those exceptions since most of them were marked with the name of the maker.
The system of assigning codes was begun in an orderly fashion, but because of the huge demand for military goods and the constantly increasing number of suppliers and sub-contractors, the orderly system of assigning codes was abandoned and henceforth codes were assigned in a haphazard manner. Some of the codes are well-known to collectors – the Mauser byf, the ac assigned to Walther, the RWS code dnf are readily recognized.
Despite efforts both in Germany and in the United States, by researchers and collectors, the list has never been completed. Some of the manufacturers with unidentified codes were originally producing non-military items, and later produced parts, or did some sub-assembly work, or perhaps branched out into making items needed for the growing military might of Germany. Many of these companies were demolished during the war, others ceased to function, still others are in Communist-occupied areas. It seems reasonable to assume also that some of these concerns would just as soon forget their participation – voluntary or involuntary – in this German debacle.
The beginning collector should not be surprised when he discovers two or even more codes on a gun. Sub-contractors marked the part or parts they made, and each part had to be marked with the maker’s code. At first these ordnance codes were numbers but in 1941, the number code was changed to a letter code.
End citation
To speed up loading of the rather large list, I’ve broken up the list into 6 smaller tables:
(1) alphabetic ordnance that begin with the letters a and b
(2) alphabetic ordnance that begin with the letters c to e
(3) alphabetic ordnance that begin with the letters f to k
(4) alphabetic ordnance that begin with the letters l to o
(5) alphabetic ordnance that begin with the letters p to z
(6) numerical ordnance codes, that contain numerical values
As usual, I’m not responsible for incorrect information, just for errors in transcription. Please report any errors to me.
German 3-letter codes for manufacturers of military binoculars, telescopic sights, cameras and optical instruments of all types during World War Two
During WWII, German industry was extensively and successfully dispersed to lessen the effects of Allied bombing on its output. The principal manufacturers of binoculars, such as Zeiss, Leitz, Hensoldt, Goerz, Busch and Voigtländer were often spread over various locations and many other companies were brought in to manufacture optical equipment for the military of the Third Reich. Such companies included some located outside of Germany, in occupied countries, such as France, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Holland. Austria and Italy also manufactured for the Reich. Often these companies were making equipment designed by the bigger firms such as Zeiss and Leitz. The equipment manufactured by this extensive network was, until near the end of the war, of the very highest quality and, from 1940, its origin was intended to be obscured from the enemy by the use of government-issued, three-letter codes. The following list of these codes is extensive but not exhaustive, one reason for this being that some further dispersal was undertaken as the war progressed.
| beh | Ernst Leitz GmbH, Wetzlar |
| bek | Hensoldt Werk für Optik und Mechanik, Herborn |
| blc | Carl Zeiss, Jena |
| bmh | K. Jirasek Fabrik für Feinmechanik und Optik, Prague |
| bmj | Hensoldt und Sohne Optische Werke A.G., Wetzlar |
| bmk | Srb & Stys Fabrik Praziser Messinstrumente, Prague |
| bmt | C.P.Goerz GmbH, Vienna |
| bvf | C.Reichert Optische, Vienna |
| bvu | Franz Kuhlmann, Wilhelmshaven |
| bwt | G. Heyde K.G., Dresden |
| byg | Jon Wyksen K.G., Katowitz, Poland |
| bzz | J.G.Farbindustrie A.G. Camerawerk, Munich |
| cad | Karl Kahles Optiker, Vienna |
| cag | Swarovski Optik, Absam, Austria |
| cau | Kodak A.G., Stuttgart |
| ccx | Hugo Meyer & Co., Gorlitz |
| clb | Dr. F.A.Wohler, Kassel |
| clk | F.W.Breithaupt & Sohne, Kassel |
| cll | August Baumgart, Rathenow |
| clm | Biedermann & Czarnikow, Berlin |
| cln | E.Sprenger Optische, Berlin |
| cmc | G. Wichmann, Berlin |
| cmd | G.Wichmann, Berlin |
| cme | G.Wichmann, Berlin |
| crg | W.Lambrecht, Göttingen |
| crh | F.Schmidt & Haensch, Steglitz |
| crj | Otto Fennel Sohne K.G., Kassel |
| crn | Friedrichs & Co., Hamburg |
| cro | R.Fuess, Berlin |
| ctn | Friedrichs & Co., Hamburg |
| cwu | Georg von Kremp, Wetzlar |
| cxc | Dr. Paul Mozar, Dusseldorf |
| cxn | Emil Busch A.G., Rathenow |
| czn | Emil Busch A.G., Rathenow |
| ddv | Oculus, Berlin |
| ddx | Voigtländer & Sohne A.G., Brunswick |
| dho | Nordmark GmbH, Prerau, Czechoslovakia |
| dkl | Jos. Schneider & Co., Kreuznach |
| doq | Deutsche Spielgelglas A.G., Leine |
| dow | Opticotechnal GmbH., Brerau, Czechoslovakia |
| dpg | Adox Kamerawerk GmbH., Wiesbaden |
| dpv | Zeiss Ikon A.G., Dresden |
| dpw | Zeiss Ikon A.G., Berlin |
| dpx | Zeiss Ikon A.G., Stuttgart |
| dvh | Berliner Physikalische, Berlin |
| dxt | Kadlec-Instrumente-Fabrik, Prague |
| dyn | Runge & Kaulfuss, Rathenow |
| dys | Heinrich Zeiss, Berlin |
| dzl | Optische Anstalt Oigee, Berlin |
| eaf | Aude & Reipert Optische, Babelsberg |
| eaw | R.Winkel GmbH., Göttingen |
| eed | Kurbi & Niggeloh, Radevorma |
| emq | Carl Zeiss, Jena |
| emv | Hertel & Reuss, Kassel |
| eoc | A. Ott, Kempten |
| eos | W. Feiler Feinmechanik GmbH., Berlin |
| eot | Fichter & Hackenjos K.G., Villengen |
| eso | Optische Werke G.Rodenstock, Munich |
| esu | Steinheil Sohne GmbH., Munich |
| eug | Optische Prazisions-Werke GmbH., Warsaw |
| fco | Sendlinger Optische Glaswerke GmbH., Zehlendorf |
| fjt | Photogrammetrie GmbH., Berlin |
| fll | Feinapparate-Bau, Gablonz |
| flm | Feinapparate-Bau, Thurn |
| fln | Franz Rapsch Optische Fabriken A.G., Rathenow |
| fvs | Spindler & Hoyer, Göttingen |
| fvx | C. Bech & Sohne, Kassel |
| fwq | Saalfelder Apparatebau GmbH., Berlin |
| fwr | Optische Anstalt Saalfeld GmbH., Saalfeld |
| fzg | Feinmechanik GmbH., Kassel |
| fzp | Hans Kollmorgan GmbH, Berlin |
| gag | F. Mollenkopf Optische Industrieanstalt, Stuttgart |
| gcg | H. Maihak A.G., Hamburg |
| ghd | Carl Kneusel, Zeulenroda |
| ghp | Rufs & Co., Kassel |
| gpa | Groos & Graf, Berlin |
| gpr | Berchtold, Tuttlingen |
| gug | Ungarische Optische Werke A.G., Budapest |
| guj | Werner D. Kuen Optische Industrie, Berlin |
| gwr | Dennert & Pape, Hamburg |
| gwv | Ernst Plank, Nuremberg |
| gxh | Nitsche & Günther Optische Werke K.G., Rathenow |
| gxl | Franke & Heidecke, Brunswick |
| hap | Max Kohl A.G., Chemnitz |
| hdv | Optische Werke Osterode GmbH., Harz |
| hfo | Valentin Linhof, Munich |
| hkm | Carl Braun K.G., Nuremberg |
| hna | Korelle Werke Brandtmann & Co., Dresden |
| hrw | Hohn & Hahne, Leipzig |
| hwt | Ihagee Kamerawerk Steenbergen & Co., Dresden |
| hxh | A. Kruss Optishe-Mechan, Hamburg |
| jfn | Tetanal Photowerk, Berlin |
| jfp | Dr. Karl Leiss, Steglitz |
| jfu | Wilhelm Lehmann & Co. K.G., Hamburg |
| jfv | Wilhelm Lehmann & Co. K.G., Magdeburg |
| jkk | L. Castagna & Sohn, Vienna |
| jnh | Hensoldt & Sohne |
| jon | Voigtländer-Gavaert, Berlin |
| jux | Nedinson, Nederlandsche Instrumenten, Venlo |
| jve | Ernst Ludwig Optisches Werk, Weixdorf |
| jxn | Helmut Korth, Berlin |
| kgc | Nahmachinenfabrik A.G., Sobeslav, Bohemia |
| khc | Otto Himmler, Berlin |
| kln | Ernst & Wilhelm Bertram, Munich |
| kna | Berning & Co. K.G., Dusseldorf |
| kqc | Jos Schneider & Co. Optische Werke K.G., Göttingen |
| krg | Emil Busch A.G., Budapest |
| krq | Emil Busch A.G., Rathenow |
| kwe | Gamma, Budapest |
| kxv | A. Jackenroll Optische Anstalt GmbH., Berlin |
| lae | Heinrich Zeiss, Gastingen |
| lfn | C. Richter, Tharandt |
| lmq | Carl Zeiss, Jena |
| lwg | Optische Werke Osterode GmbH., Harz |
| lww | Huet & Cie, Paris |
| lwx | Optique et Precision de Levallois (OPL), Paris |
| lwy | Societe d’Optique et Mechanique de Haute Precision (SOM), Paris |
| mav | H. Mailak A.G., Hamburg |
| mbv | I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G., Berlin |
| mca | Dr. C.Schleussner Fotowerke GmbH., Frankfurt |
| mgf | August Fischer, Göttingen |
| mjc | Feinmechanische Werkstaetten Warsitz, Amsterdam |
| mny | Gerhard Hoffmann, Berlin |
| mnz | Erich Holz, Berlin |
| mtq | Roland Risse GmbH., Florsheim |
| mtr | Voigtländer & Sohn A.G., Berlin |
| mtu | A. Lorenz, Dresden |
| mtv | A. Lorenz, Dresden |
| mtw | A. Lorenz, Dresden |
| nac | Feinmechanische Zentrale Overbeck, Herborn |
| ndv | Feinmechanische Werke Neumuhlen GmbH., Kiel |
| nek | O. Perlitz Prazisionmechanik und Apparatebau, Berlin |
| nmh | De Pleskot & Co., Prague |
| nms | Richard Holz, Berlin |
| npx | Ludwig Rossler, Munich |
| nuj | Schäper & Uebel, Dresden |
| nxt | S.A.I. Ottico Mechanica e Rilevamenti Aerofotogrammetrici, Rome |
| ocp | Aktophot GmbH., Prague |
| ocv | W. Klazer, Prague |
| okc | Hauff A.G., Stuttgart |
| pvf | C. Reichert, Vienna |
| rln | Carl Zeiss, Jena |